Trifluoroacetic acid, a persistent by-product of industrial chemicals and refrigerants, has been detected in nearly every UK river tested, raising concerns over long-term exposure and its environmental spread.
In short:
- Scientists found trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in 31 of 32 UK rivers and lakes tested, with one of the highest global concentrations recorded in Glasgow’s River Kelvin.
- TFA forms during the production of fluorinated greenhouse gases used as refrigerants, which have high global warming potential and contribute indirectly to climate change.
- Though little is known about TFA’s toxicity in humans, research has linked it to reproductive hormone disruption in mammals and developmental impacts in aquatic organisms.
Why this matters:
PFAS contamination has already been detected in drinking water and ecosystems worldwide, and TFA adds a new layer of complexity. It doesn’t break down easily, spreads quickly in water, and lingers for centuries. Because it’s also formed unintentionally during industrial processes — including the manufacturing of climate-friendly refrigerants — its presence highlights the trade-offs and unintended consequences of chemical substitutes. TFA's mobility means it can move from rivers into food systems, raising potential risks for wildlife and human health, even if toxic effects are not yet fully understood. The lack of regulation or testing for TFA in drinking water also leaves a gap in public safety. Its persistence and reach make it an emerging contaminant of concern for both environmental and health authorities.
Related: UK criticized for weak action on toxic PFAS chemicals
