A recent review published by Tojza et al. in Applied Sciences examined the impacts of exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic radiation (ELF-EMF) - a type of non-ionizing radiation emitted by electric substations, power lines, appliances, and electronic devices- on the endocrine system, which regulates the body via hormones.
Hormones act as chemical messengers to every organ in the body, regulating a number of essential bodily functions, such as metabolism, growth, development, reproduction, and stress response. Other known endocrine disruptors include bisphenol A (BPA), phthalates, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and pesticides, all of which can interfere with normal hormone function. As a result, even subtle disruptions to the endocrine system can have significant effects on health.
In short:
- Animal studies consistently link ELF-EMF exposure to impacts on stress hormone levels, melatonin release, thyroid activity, and reproduction function.
- Evidence suggests these disruptions are likely tied to an increase in oxidative stress and an imbalance in calcium ions.
- While more long-term studies are required to better understand endocrine system impacts in humans, the authors emphasize that the widespread nature of ELF-EMF exposure justifies a precautionary approach.
Key quote:
“The innate sensitivity of the endocrine system, combined with its role in mediating stress responses and maintaining homeostasis, makes it a prime candidate for manifesting subtle yet significant biological responses to environmental disturbances such as ELF-EMFs.”
Why this matters:
ELF-EMF exposure, often referred to simply as EMF, is increasing as AI-data center development is driving the construction of new high-voltage transmission lines and substations, while the growing use of electronic devices continues to expand sources of electromagnetic field exposure in homes, schools, and workplaces. Despite this, the U.S. has no federal safety limits for magnetic field EMF exposure because all EPA research on non-ionizing EMF was defunded in the 1990s.
Scientists have recommended minimizing exposure for decades. The International Agency for Research on Cancer of the World Health Organization classified ELF magnetic fields as a “possible” human carcinogen in 2001, based largely on evidence linking residential exposure of 3 to 4 mG to childhood leukemia. More recent studies continue to show the association. Further, Kaiser Permanente studies report that prenatal magnetic field EMF exposure was associated with increased miscarriage risk, as well as obesity and asthma in children. An 18-year nationwide study of over 3.5 million people found increased risk of dementia and Alzheimer’s mortality in homes close to electrical grid infrastructure like powerlines and substations.
Because of the research on cancer risk, many countries have policies restricting the construction of homes and schools in areas where the magnetic fields are elevated. The Netherlands, for example, is buying up homes with elevated EMF exposure levels from nearby power lines and substations. In the United States, policies should be implemented to minimize EMF exposure as a public health risk mitigation measure, in line with approaches taken in other countries.
What you can do:
On an individual level, there are simple steps you can take to reduce your daily exposures to ELF and other forms of electromagnetic radiation in your home, including:
- Use tablets and laptops on tables, not on laps
- Relocate beds away from electrical panels
- Charge phones and devices outside of the bedroom, not by the bed
- Do not use a cell phone while it's charging
- Unplug water beds and electric blankets before you get in bed
- Measure EMF levels in your home
You can also measure EMF levels in your home with a basic milligauss meter in order to better understand your exposure, or by contacting your local electric company for measurements.
If a new transmission line or substation, or other major electrical infrastructure project is proposed in your community, residents can ask for baseline and projected electric and magnetic field levels at homes, schools, parks, and property lines before construction begins.
Related EHN coverage:
- Exposure to Power Line EMF radiation Linked to Higher Alzheimer’s Death Risk
- Electromagnetic radiation from power lines linked to a higher risk of central nervous system tumors in children
More resources:
- The Health Effects of EMF, ELF and Magnetic Fields from Power Lines and Electricity
- Is It Safe To Live Near Data Centers?
